Systems and methods for saturated robotic movement

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods for saturated robotic movement are provided. In one aspect, there is provided a robotic system, including a robotic arm configured to control movement of a medical instrument, and a processor configured to: receive a first user input from a user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm, determine that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause a contact point of the robotic arm to contact or cross a collision boundary surrounding an object, and guide the movement of the robotic arm such that the contact point of the robotic arm continuously moves along the collision boundary based in part on the first user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to contact or cross the collision boundary.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63/046,562, filed Jun. 30, 2020, entitled “Systems and Methods for Saturated Robotic Movement,” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

TECHNOLOGICAL FIELD

The systems and methods disclosed herein are directed to systems and methods for robotic medical systems, and more particularly to controlling movement of robotic manipulators subject to certain constraints.

BACKGROUND

Robotically-enabled medical system may be capable of performing a variety of medical procedures, including both minimally invasive, such as laparoscopy, and non-invasive, such as endoscopy, procedures. Among endoscopic procedures, the system may be capable of performing bronchoscopy, ureteroscopy, gastroscopy, etc.

Such robotic medical systems may include robotic arms configured to control the movement of medical tool(s) during a given medical procedure. In order to achieve a desired pose of a medical tool, a robotic arm may be placed into a pose that may cause the robotic arm to come into contact with another object in the environment. While some systems may prevent such collisions or contact by blocking or halting further movement that would lead to collisions, such approaches may compromise the motion control of robotic arms.

SUMMARY

The systems, methods and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

In one aspect, there is provided a robotic system, comprising: a robotic arm configured to control movement of a medical instrument; at least one processor; and at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the at least one processor and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: receive a first user input from a user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm, determine that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause a contact point of the robotic arm to contact or cross a collision boundary surrounding an object, the collision boundary separating a collision-free workspace of the robotic arm from the object, and guide the movement of the robotic arm such that the contact point of the robotic arm continuously moves along the collision boundary based in part on the first user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to contact or cross the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: identify a vector component of the first user input having a direction that would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to cross the collision boundary, and reduce or prevent movement of the contact point according to the identified vector component such that the contact point does not cross the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: receive a second user input from the user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm, determine that moving the robotic arm according to the second user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the collision boundary, and control the movement of the robotic arm away from the collision boundary according to the second user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the second user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the collision boundary is configured to provide (i) a first threshold distance between the contact point and the object and/or (ii) a first angular threshold between the contact point and the object.

In certain implementations, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that the contact point is within a second threshold distance and/or angle from the object, the second threshold distance and/or angle being greater than the first threshold distance and/or angle, wherein the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is performed in response to determining that the contact point is within the second threshold distance and/or angle from the object.

In certain implementations, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that the contact point is within the first threshold distance and/or angle from the object, identify a vector component of the user input having a direction that would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the object, and guide the movement of the robotic arm according to the identified vector component such that the contact point moves away from the object.

In certain implementations, the robotic system further comprises: a master controller configured to receive the input from the user, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the master controller to provide haptic feedback to the user in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the haptic feedback comprises tactile feedback including vibrations.

In certain implementations, the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry, and the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.

In certain implementations, the constraint comprises a remote center of motion (RCM) at which translational movement of the medical instrument is constrained.

In certain implementations, the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint.

In certain implementations, the constraint comprises at least one of the following: a joint maximum velocity, an instrument driver maximum velocity, a robot elbow maximum velocity, a medical instrument end effector maximum velocity, a medical instrument wrist range of motion limit, a medical instrument insertion limit, a robot workspace constraint, a singularity avoidance constraint, or a linear approximation constraint.

In certain implementations, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would move a joint of the robotic arm at a first velocity that exceeds a joint maximum velocity, and guide the movement of the robotic arm at a second velocity that is less than the joint maximum velocity in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm to follow the first user input would move the joint of the robotic arm at the first velocity.

In certain implementations, the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary is in accordance with a primary saturation constraint, and the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the movement of the robotic arm such in accordance with a secondary saturation constraint, determine a first severity metric associated with the primary saturation constraint, determine a second severity metric associated with the secondary saturation constraint, compare the first severity metric to the second severity metric, and determine whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the primary saturation constraint or the secondary saturation constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric.

In certain implementations, the contact point belongs to a set of points on the robotic arm, and wherein the contact point is closer to the collision boundary than all other points of the set.

In certain implementations, the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is based on detecting a collision between the contact point and the collision boundary.

In another aspect, there is provided a method for guiding movement of a robotic arm with respect to a collision boundary surrounding an object, the method comprising: receiving a user input from a user for moving a medical instrument with the robotic arm; determining that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause a contact point of the robotic arm to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary, the collision boundary separating a collision-free workspace of the robotic arm from the object; and guiding the movement of the robotic arm such that the contact point of the robotic arm continuously moves along the collision boundary based in part on the user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: identifying a vector component of the first user input having a direction that would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to cross the collision boundary; and reducing or prevent movement of the contact point according to the identified vector component such that the contact point does not cross the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: receiving a second user input from the user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm: determining that moving the robotic arm according to the second user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the collision boundary; and controlling the movement of the robotic arm away from the collision boundary according to the second user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the second user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the collision boundary is configured to provide (i) a first threshold distance between the contact point and the object and/or (ii) a first angular threshold between the contact point and the object.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: determining that the contact point is within a second threshold distance and/or angle from the object, the second threshold distance and/or angle being greater than the first threshold distance and/or angle, wherein the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is performed in response to determining that the contact point is within the second threshold distance and/or angle from the object.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: determining that the contact point is within the first threshold distance and/or angle from the object; identifying a vector component of the user input having a direction that would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the object; and guiding the movement of the robotic arm according to the identified vector component such that the contact point moves away from the object.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: controlling a master controller to provide haptic feedback to the user in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary, the master controller configured to receive the input from the user.

In certain implementations, the haptic feedback comprises tactile feedback including vibrations.

In certain implementations, the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry, and the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.

In certain implementations, the constraint comprises a remote center of motion (RCM) at which translational movement of the medical instrument is constrained.

In certain implementations, the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint.

In certain implementations, the constraint comprises at least one of the following: a joint maximum velocity, an instrument driver maximum velocity, a robot elbow maximum velocity, a medical instrument end effector maximum velocity, a medical instrument wrist range of motion limit, a medical instrument insertion limit, a robot workspace constraint, a singularity avoidance constraint, or a linear approximation constraint.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: determining that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would move a joint of the robotic arm at a first velocity that exceeds a joint maximum velocity, and guiding the movement of the robotic arm at a second velocity that is less than the joint maximum velocity in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm to follow the first user input would move the joint of the robotic arm at the first velocity.

In certain implementations, the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary is in accordance with a primary saturation constraint, and the method further comprises: controlling the movement of the robotic arm such in accordance with a secondary saturation constraint: determining a first severity metric associated with the primary saturation constraint; determining a second severity metric associated with the secondary saturation constraint; comparing the first severity metric to the second severity metric; and determining whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the primary saturation constraint or the secondary saturation constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric.

In certain implementations, the contact point belongs to a set of points on the robotic arm, and wherein the contact point is closer to the collision boundary than all other points of the set.

In certain implementations, the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is based on detecting a collision between the contact point and the collision boundary.

In yet another aspect, there is provided a robotic system, comprising: a robotic arm configured to control a medical instrument; at least one processor; and at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the set of one or more processors and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: receive an input from a user for moving the robotic arm to control the medical instrument, and guide the movement of the robotic arm along a collision boundary surrounding an object in accordance with the input and one or more secondary constraints.

In certain implementations, the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause a contact point of the robotic arm to move within a threshold distance of a collision boundary surrounding an object, wherein the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary is performed in response to determining that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move within the threshold distance.

In certain implementations, the one or more secondary constraints comprise at least one of the following: a joint maximum velocity, an instrument driver maximum velocity, a robot elbow maximum velocity, a medical instrument end effector maximum velocity, a medical instrument wrist range of motion limit, a medical instrument insertion limit, a robot workspace constraint, a singularity avoidance constraint, or a linear approximation constraint.

In certain implementations, the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry, and the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.

In certain implementations, the robotic system further comprises: a master controller configured to receive the input from the user, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the master controller to provide haptic feedback to the user in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary.

In certain implementations, the haptic feedback comprises tactile feedback including vibrations.

In certain implementations, the one or more secondary constraints comprise a first constraint and a second constraint, and the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine a first severity metric associated with the first constraint, determine a second severity metric associated with the second constraint, compare the first severity metric to the second severity metric, and determine whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the first constraint or the second constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric.

In yet another aspect, there is provided a method for guiding movement of a robotic arm with respect to a collision boundary, the method comprising: receiving an input from a user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm, and guiding the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary in accordance with the input and one or more secondary constraints.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: determining that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause a contact point of the robotic arm to move within a threshold distance of a collision boundary surrounding an object, wherein the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary is performed in response to determining that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move within the threshold distance.

In certain implementations, the one or more secondary constraints comprise at least one of the following: a joint maximum velocity, an instrument driver maximum velocity, a robot elbow maximum velocity, a medical instrument end effector maximum velocity, a medical instrument wrist range of motion limit, a medical instrument insertion limit, a robot workspace constraint, a singularity avoidance constraint, or a linear approximation constraint.

In certain implementations, the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry, and the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.

In certain implementations, the method further comprises: controlling a master controller to provide haptic feedback to the user in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary, the master controller configured to receive the input from the user.

In certain implementations, the haptic feedback comprises tactile feedback including vibrations.

In certain implementations, the one or more secondary constraints comprise a first constraint and a second constraint, and the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine a first severity metric associated with the first constraint, determine a second severity metric associated with the second constraint, compare the first severity metric to the second severity metric, and determine whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the first constraint or the second constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric.

In still yet another aspect, there is provided a robotic system, comprising: a robotic arm configured to control a medical instrument; at least one processor; and at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the set of one or more processors and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: control the medical instrument via guiding the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with a plurality of saturation constraints, the saturation constraints including a joint max velocity, a robot end effector max velocity, and a tool tip velocity.

In certain implementations, the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry, and the controlling of the robotic arm further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.

In certain implementations, the plurality of saturation constraints comprise a first saturation constraint and a second saturation constraint, and the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine a first severity metric associated with the first saturation constraint, determine a second severity metric associated with the second saturation constraint, compare the first severity metric to the second severity metric, and determine whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the first saturation constraint or the second saturation constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric.

In another aspect, there is provided a robotic system, comprising: a robotic arm configured to control movement of a medical instrument: at least one processor: and at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the at least one processor and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: receive a first user input from a user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm, determine that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would move at least a portion the robotic arm at a first velocity that exceeds a velocity constraint, and guide the movement of the robotic arm at a second velocity that is less than the velocity constraint in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm to follow the first user input would move the at least a portion of the robotic arm at the first velocity that exceeds the velocity constraint.

In certain implementations, the velocity constraint comprises at least one of the following: a joint maximum velocity, an instrument driver maximum velocity, a robot elbow maximum velocity, or a medical instrument end effector maximum velocity.

In certain implementations, the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry, and the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.

In certain implementations, the robotic system further comprises: a master controller configured to receive the input from the user, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the master controller to provide haptic feedback to the user in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm to follow the first user input would move the at least a portion of the robotic arm at the first velocity that exceeds the velocity constraint.

In certain implementations, the haptic feedback comprises tactile feedback including vibrations.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosed aspects will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the appended drawings, provided to illustrate and not to limit the disclosed aspects, wherein like designations denote like elements.

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a cart-based robotic system arranged for diagnostic and/or therapeutic bronchoscopy.

FIG. 2 depicts further aspects of the robotic system of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of the robotic system of FIG. 1 arranged for ureteroscopy.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of the robotic system of FIG. 1 arranged for a vascular procedure.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a table-based robotic system arranged for a bronchoscopic procedure.

FIG. 6 provides an alternative view of the robotic system of FIG. 5.

FIG. 7 illustrates an example system configured to stow robotic arm(s).

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a table-based robotic system configured for a ureteroscopic procedure.

FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a table-based robotic system configured for a laparoscopic procedure.

FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the table-based robotic system of FIGS. 5-9 with pitch or tilt adjustment.

FIG. 11 provides a detailed illustration of the interface between the table and the column of the table-based robotic system of FIGS. 5-10.

FIG. 12 illustrates an alternative embodiment of a table-based robotic system.

FIG. 13 illustrates an end view of the table-based robotic system of FIG. 12.

FIG. 14 illustrates an end view of a table-based robotic system with robotic arms attached thereto.

FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary instrument driver.

FIG. 16 illustrates an exemplary medical instrument with a paired instrument driver.

FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative design for an instrument driver and instrument where the axes of the drive units are parallel to the axis of the elongated shaft of the instrument.

FIG. 18 illustrates an instrument having an instrument-based insertion architecture.

FIG. 19 illustrates an exemplary controller.

FIG. 20 depicts a block diagram illustrating a localization system that estimates a location of one or more elements of the robotic systems of FIGS. 1-10, such as the location of the instrument of FIGS. 16-18, in accordance to an example embodiment.

FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate the movement of a master controller and slave/robotic arm movement with respect to a collision space in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example kinematics architecture that can be implemented by a robotic system in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating an example method operable by a surgical robotic system, or component(s) thereof, for collision saturated movement in accordance with one or more aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example of a robotic arm at a position which may be at risk of a collision with an object in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate two examples in which collision saturation can be employed in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 26 is a flowchart illustrating an example method operable by a surgical robotic system, or component(s) thereof, for collision saturated movement while respecting secondary constraints in accordance with one or more aspects of this disclosure.

FIG. 27 illustrates an example illustration of how the Cartesian saturation module 308 functions in accordance with aspects of this disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 1. Overview

Aspects of the present disclosure may be integrated into a robotically-enabled medical system capable of performing a variety of medical procedures, including both minimally invasive, such as laparoscopy, and non-invasive, such as endoscopy, procedures. Among endoscopic procedures, the system may be capable of performing bronchoscopy, ureteroscopy, gastroscopy, etc.

In addition to performing the breadth of procedures, the system may provide additional benefits, such as enhanced imaging and guidance to assist the physician. Additionally, the system may provide the physician with the ability to perform the procedure from an ergonomic position without the need for awkward arm motions and positions. Still further, the system may provide the physician with the ability to perform the procedure with improved ease of use such that one or more of the instruments of the system can be controlled by a single user.

Various embodiments will be described below in conjunction with the drawings for purposes of illustration. It should be appreciated that many other implementations of the disclosed concepts are possible, and various advantages can be achieved with the disclosed implementations. Headings are included herein for reference and to aid in locating various sections. These headings are not intended to limit the scope of the concepts described with respect thereto. Such concepts may have applicability throughout the entire specification.

A. Robotic System—Cart.

The robotically-enabled medical system may be configured in a variety of ways depending on the particular procedure. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of a cart-based robotically-enabled system 10 arranged for a diagnostic and/or therapeutic bronchoscopy. During a bronchoscopy, the system 10 may comprise a cart 11 having one or more robotic arms 12 to deliver a medical instrument, such as a steerable endoscope 13, which may be a procedure-specific bronchoscope for bronchoscopy, to a natural orifice access point (i.e., the mouth of the patient positioned on a table in the present example) to deliver diagnostic and/or therapeutic tools. As shown, the cart 11 may be positioned proximate to the patient's upper torso in order to provide access to the access point. Similarly, the robotic arms 12 may be actuated to position the bronchoscope relative to the access point. The arrangement in FIG. 1 may also be utilized when performing a gastro-intestinal (GI) procedure with a gastroscope, a specialized endoscope for GI procedures. FIG. 2 depicts an example embodiment of the cart in greater detail.

With continued reference to FIG. 1, once the cart 11 is properly positioned, the robotic arms 12 may insert the steerable endoscope 13 into the patient robotically, manually, or a combination thereof. As shown, the steerable endoscope 13 may comprise at least two telescoping parts, such as an inner leader portion and an outer sheath portion, each portion coupled to a separate instrument driver from the set of instrument drivers 28, each instrument driver coupled to the distal end of an individual robotic arm. This linear arrangement of the instrument drivers 28, which facilitates coaxially aligning the leader portion with the sheath portion, creates a “virtual rail” 29 that may be repositioned in space by manipulating the one or more robotic arms 12 into different angles and/or positions. The virtual rails described herein are depicted in the Figures using dashed lines, and accordingly the dashed lines do not depict any physical structure of the system. Translation of the instrument drivers 28 along the virtual rail 29 telescopes the inner leader portion relative to the outer sheath portion or advances or retracts the endoscope 13 from the patient. The angle of the virtual rail 29 may be adjusted, translated, and pivoted based on clinical application or physician preference. For example, in bronchoscopy, the angle and position of the virtual rail 29 as shown represents a compromise between providing physician access to the endoscope 13 while minimizing friction that results from bending the endoscope 13 into the patient's mouth.

The endoscope 13 may be directed down the patient's trachea and lungs after insertion using precise commands from the robotic system until reaching the target destination or operative site. In order to enhance navigation through the patient's lung network and/or reach the desired target, the endoscope 13 may be manipulated to telescopically extend the inner leader portion from the outer sheath portion to obtain enhanced articulation and greater bend radius. The use of separate instrument drivers 28 also allows the leader portion and sheath portion to be driven independently of each other.

For example, the endoscope 13 may be directed to deliver a biopsy needle to a target, such as, for example, a lesion or nodule within the lungs of a patient. The needle may be deployed down a working channel that runs the length of the endoscope to obtain a tissue sample to be analyzed by a pathologist. Depending on the pathology results, additional tools may be deployed down the working channel of the endoscope for additional biopsies. After identifying a nodule to be malignant, the endoscope 13 may endoscopically deliver tools to resect the potentially cancerous tissue. In some instances, diagnostic and therapeutic treatments can be delivered in separate procedures. In those circumstances, the endoscope 13 may also be used to deliver a fiducial to “mark” the location of the target nodule as well. In other instances, diagnostic and therapeutic treatments may be delivered during the same procedure.

The system 10 may also include a movable tower 30, which may be connected via support cables to the cart 11 to provide support for controls, electronics, fluidics, optics, sensors, and/or power to the cart 11. Placing such functionality in the tower 30 allows for a smaller form factor cart 11 that may be more easily adjusted and/or re-positioned by an operating physician and his/her staff. Additionally, the division of functionality between the cart/table and the support tower 30 reduces operating room clutter and facilitates improving clinical workflow. While the cart 11 may be positioned close to the patient, the tower 30 may be stowed in a remote location to stay out of the way during a procedure.

In support of the robotic systems described above, the tower 30 may include component(s) of a computer-based control system that stores computer program instructions, for example, within a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a persistent magnetic storage drive, solid state drive, etc. The execution of those instructions, whether the execution occurs in the tower 30 or the cart 11, may control the entire system or sub-system(s) thereof. For example, when executed by a processor of the computer system, the instructions may cause the components of the robotics system to actuate the relevant carriages and arm mounts, actuate the robotics arms, and control the medical instruments. For example, in response to receiving the control signal, the motors in the joints of the robotics arms may position the arms into a certain posture.

The tower 30 may also include a pump, flow meter, valve control, and/or fluid access in order to provide controlled irrigation and aspiration capabilities to the system that may be deployed through the endoscope 13. These components may also be controlled using the computer system of the tower 30. In some embodiments, irrigation and aspiration capabilities may be delivered directly to the endoscope 13 through separate cable(s).

The tower 30 may include a voltage and surge protector designed to provide filtered and protected electrical power to the cart 11, thereby avoiding placement of a power transformer and other auxiliary power components in the cart 11, resulting in a smaller, more moveable cart 11.

The tower 30 may also include support equipment for the sensors deployed throughout the robotic system 10. For example, the tower 30 may include optoelectronics equipment for detecting, receiving, and processing data received from the optical sensors or cameras throughout the robotic system 10. In combination with the control system, such optoelectronics equipment may be used to generate real-time images for display in any number of consoles deployed throughout the system, including in the tower 30. Similarly, the tower 30 may also include an electronic subsystem for receiving and processing signals received from deployed electromagnetic (EM) sensors. The tower 30 may also be used to house and position an EM field generator for detection by EM sensors in or on the medical instrument.

The tower 30 may also include a console 31 in addition to other consoles available in the rest of the system. e.g., console mounted on top of the cart. The console 31 may include a user interface and a display screen, such as a touchscreen, for the physician operator. Consoles in the system 10 are generally designed to provide both robotic controls as well as preoperative and real-time information of the procedure, such as navigational and localization information of the endoscope 13. When the console 31 is not the only console available to the physician, it may be used by a second operator, such as a nurse, to monitor the health or vitals of the patient and the operation of the system 10, as well as to provide procedure-specific data, such as navigational and localization information. In other embodiments, the console 30 is housed in a body that is separate from the tower 30.

The tower 30 may be coupled to the cart 11 and endoscope 13 through one or more cables or connections (not shown). In some embodiments, the support functionality from the tower 30 may be provided through a single cable to the cart 11, simplifying and de-cluttering the operating room. In other embodiments, specific functionality may be coupled in separate cabling and connections. For example, while power may be provided through a single power cable to the cart 11, the support for controls, optics, fluidics, and/or navigation may be provided through a separate cable.

FIG. 2 provides a detailed illustration of an embodiment of the cart 11 from the cart-based robotically-enabled system shown in FIG. 1. The cart 11 generally includes an elongated support structure 14 (often referred to as a “column”), a cart base 15, and a console 16 at the top of the column 14. The column 14 may include one or more carriages, such as a carriage 17 (alternatively “arm support”) for supporting the deployment of one or more robotic arms 12 (three shown in FIG. 2). The carriage 17 may include individually configurable arm mounts that rotate along a perpendicular axis to adjust the base of the robotic arms 12 for better positioning relative to the patient. The carriage 17 also includes a carriage interface 19 that allows the carriage 17 to vertically translate along the column 14.

The carriage interface 19 is connected to the column 14 through slots, such as slot 20, that are positioned on opposite sides of the column 14 to guide the vertical translation of the carriage 17. The slot 20 contains a vertical translation interface to position and hold the carriage 17 at various vertical heights relative to the cart base 15. Vertical translation of the carriage 17 allows the cart 11 to adjust the reach of the robotic arms 12 to meet a variety of table heights, patient sizes, and physician preferences. Similarly, the individually configurable arm mounts on the carriage 17 allow the robotic arm base 21 of the robotic arms 12 to be angled in a variety of configurations.

In some embodiments, the slot 20 may be supplemented with slot covers that are flush and parallel to the slot surface to prevent dirt and fluid ingress into the internal chambers of the column 14 and the vertical translation interface as the carriage 17 vertically translates. The slot covers may be deployed through pairs of spring spools positioned near the vertical top and bottom of the slot 20. The covers are coiled within the spools until deployed to extend and retract from their coiled state as the carriage 17 vertically translates up and down. The spring-loading of the spools provides force to retract the cover into a spool when the carriage 17 translates towards the spool, while also maintaining a tight seal when the carriage 17 translates away from the spool. The covers may be connected to the carriage 17 using, for example, brackets in the carriage interface 19 to facilitate proper extension and retraction of the cover as the carriage 17 translates.

The column 14 may internally comprise mechanisms, such as gears and motors, that are designed to use a vertically aligned lead screw to translate the carriage 17 in a mechanized fashion in response to control signals generated in response to user inputs, e.g., inputs from the console 16.

The robotic arms 12 may generally comprise robotic arm bases 21 and end effectors 22, separated by a series of linkages 23 that are connected by a series of joints 24, each joint comprising an independent actuator, each actuator comprising an independently controllable motor. Each independently controllable joint represents an independent degree of freedom available to the robotic arm 12. Each of the robotic arms 12 may have seven joints, and thus provide seven degrees of freedom. A multitude of joints result in a multitude of degrees of freedom, allowing for “redundant” degrees of freedom. Having redundant degrees of freedom allows the robotic arms 12 to position their respective end effectors 22 at a specific position, orientation, and trajectory in space using different linkage positions and joint angles. This allows for the system to position and direct a medical instrument from a desired point in space while allowing the physician to move the arm joints into a clinically advantageous position away from the patient to create greater access, while avoiding arm collisions.

The cart base 15 balances the weight of the column 14, carriage 17, and robotic arms 12 over the floor. Accordingly, the cart base 15 houses heavier components, such as electronics, motors, power supply, as well as components that either enable movement and/or immobilize the cart 11. For example, the cart base 15 includes rollable wheel-shaped casters 25 that allow for the cart 11 to easily move around the room prior to a procedure. After reaching the appropriate position, the casters 25 may be immobilized using wheel locks to hold the cart 11 in place during the procedure.

Positioned at the vertical end of the column 14, the console 16 allows for both a user interface for receiving user input and a display screen (or a dual-purpose device such as, for example, a touchscreen 26) to provide the physician user with both preoperative and intraoperative data. Potential preoperative data on the touchscreen 26 may include preoperative plans, navigation and mapping data derived from preoperative computerized tomography (CT) scans, and/or notes from preoperative patient interviews. Intraoperative data on display may include optical information provided from the tool, sensor and coordinate information from sensors, as well as vital patient statistics, such as respiration, heart rate, and/or pulse. The console 16 may be positioned and tilted to allow a physician to access the console 16 from the side of the column 14 opposite the carriage 17. From this position, the physician may view the console 16, robotic arms 12, and patient while operating the console 16 from behind the cart 11. As shown, the console 16 also includes a handle 27 to assist with maneuvering and stabilizing the cart 11.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically-enabled system 10 arranged for ureteroscopy. In a ureteroscopic procedure, the cart 11 may be positioned to deliver a ureteroscope 32, a procedure-specific endoscope designed to traverse a patient's urethra and ureter, to the lower abdominal area of the patient. In a ureteroscopy, it may be desirable for the ureteroscope 32 to be directly aligned with the patient's urethra to reduce friction and forces on the sensitive anatomy in the area. As shown, the cart 11 may be aligned at the foot of the table to allow the robotic arms 12 to position the ureteroscope 32 for direct linear access to the patient's urethra. From the foot of the table, the robotic arms 12 may insert the ureteroscope 32 along the virtual rail 33 directly into the patient's lower abdomen through the urethra.

After insertion into the urethra, using similar control techniques as in bronchoscopy, the ureteroscope 32 may be navigated into the bladder, ureters, and/or kidneys for diagnostic and/or therapeutic applications. For example, the ureteroscope 32 may be directed into the ureter and kidneys to break up kidney stone build up using a laser or ultrasonic lithotripsy device deployed down the working channel of the ureteroscope 32. After lithotripsy is complete, the resulting stone fragments may be removed using baskets deployed down the ureteroscope 32.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically-enabled system 10 similarly arranged for a vascular procedure. In a vascular procedure, the system 10 may be configured such that the cart 11 may deliver a medical instrument 34, such as a steerable catheter, to an access point in the femoral artery in the patient's leg. The femoral artery presents both a larger diameter for navigation as well as a relatively less circuitous and tortuous path to the patient's heart, which simplifies navigation. As in a ureteroscopic procedure, the cart 11 may be positioned towards the patient's legs and lower abdomen to allow the robotic arms 12 to provide a virtual rail 35 with direct linear access to the femoral artery access point in the patient's thigh/hip region. After insertion into the artery, the medical instrument 34 may be directed and inserted by translating the instrument drivers 28. Alternatively, the cart may be positioned around the patient's upper abdomen in order to reach alternative vascular access points, such as, for example, the carotid and brachial arteries near the shoulder and wrist.

B. Robotic System—Table.

Embodiments of the robotically-enabled medical system may also incorporate the patient's table. Incorporation of the table reduces the amount of capital equipment within the operating room by removing the cart, which allows greater access to the patient. FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of such a robotically-enabled system arranged for a bronchoscopic procedure. System 36 includes a support structure or column 37 for supporting platform 38 (shown as a “table” or “bed”) over the floor. Much like in the cart-based systems, the end effectors of the robotic arms 39 of the system 36 comprise instrument drivers 42 that are designed to manipulate an elongated medical instrument, such as a bronchoscope 40 in FIG. 5, through or along a virtual rail 41 formed from the linear alignment of the instrument drivers 42. In practice, a C-arm for providing fluoroscopic imaging may be positioned over the patient's upper abdominal area by placing the emitter and detector around the table 38.

FIG. 6 provides an alternative view of the system 36 without the patient and medical instrument for discussion purposes. As shown, the column 37 may include one or more carriages 43 shown as ring-shaped in the system 36, from which the one or more robotic arms 39 may be based. The carriages 43 may translate along a vertical column interface 44 that runs the length of the column 37 to provide different vantage points from which the robotic arms 39 may be positioned to reach the patient. The carriage(s) 43 may rotate around the column 37 using a mechanical motor positioned within the column 37 to allow the robotic arms 39 to have access to multiples sides of the table 38, such as, for example, both sides of the patient. In embodiments with multiple carriages, the carriages may be individually positioned on the column and may translate and/or rotate independently of the other carriages. While the carriages 43 need not surround the column 37 or even be circular, the ring-shape as shown facilitates rotation of the carriages 43 around the column 37 while maintaining structural balance. Rotation and translation of the carriages 43 allows the system 36 to align the medical instruments, such as endoscopes and laparoscopes, into different access points on the patient. In other embodiments (not shown), the system 36 can include a patient table or bed with adjustable arm supports in the form of bars or rails extending alongside it. One or more robotic arms 39 (e.g., via a shoulder with an elbow joint) can be attached to the adjustable arm supports, which can be vertically adjusted. By providing vertical adjustment, the robotic arms 39 are advantageously capable of being stowed compactly beneath the patient table or bed, and subsequently raised during a procedure.

The robotic arms 39 may be mounted on the carriages 43 through a set of arm mounts 45 comprising a series of joints that may individually rotate and/or telescopically extend to provide additional configurability to the robotic arms 39. Additionally, the arm mounts 45 may be positioned on the carriages 43 such that, when the carriages 43 are appropriately rotated, the arm mounts 45 may be positioned on either the same side of the table 38 (as shown in FIG. 6), on opposite sides of the table 38 (as shown in FIG. 9), or on adjacent sides of the table 38 (not shown).

The column 37 structurally provides support for the table 38, and a path for vertical translation of the carriages 43. Internally, the column 37 may be equipped with lead screws for guiding vertical translation of the carriages, and motors to mechanize the translation of the carriages 43 based the lead screws. The column 37 may also convey power and control signals to the carriages 43 and the robotic arms 39 mounted thereon.

The table base 46 serves a similar function as the cart base 15 in the cart 11 shown in FIG. 2, housing heavier components to balance the table/bed 38, the column 37, the carriages 43, and the robotic arms 39. The table base 46 may also incorporate rigid casters to provide stability during procedures. Deployed from the bottom of the table base 46, the casters may extend in opposite directions on both sides of the base 46 and retract when the system 36 needs to be moved.

With continued reference to FIG. 6, the system 36 may also include a tower (not shown) that divides the functionality of the system 36 between the table and the tower to reduce the form factor and bulk of the table. As in earlier disclosed embodiments, the tower may provide a variety of support functionalities to the table, such as processing, computing, and control capabilities, power, fluidics, and/or optical and sensor processing. The tower may also be movable to be positioned away from the patient to improve physician access and de-clutter the operating room. Additionally, placing components in the tower allows for more storage space in the table base 46 for potential stowage of the robotic arms 39. The tower may also include a master controller or console that provides both a user interface for user input, such as keyboard and/or pendant, as well as a display screen (or touchscreen) for preoperative and intraoperative information, such as real-time imaging, navigation, and tracking information. In some embodiments, the tower may also contain holders for gas tanks to be used for insufflation.

In some embodiments, a table base may stow and store the robotic arms when not in use. FIG. 7 illustrates a system 47 that stows robotic arms in an embodiment of the table-based system. In the system 47, carriages 48 may be vertically translated into base 49 to stow robotic arms 50, arm mounts 51, and the carriages 48 within the base 49. Base covers 52 may be translated and retracted open to deploy the carriages 48, arm mounts 51, and robotic arms 50 around column 53, and closed to stow to protect them when not in use. The base covers 52 may be sealed with a membrane 54 along the edges of its opening to prevent dirt and fluid ingress when closed.

FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically-enabled table-based system configured for a ureteroscopic procedure. In a ureteroscopy, the table 38 may include a swivel portion 55 for positioning a patient off-angle from the column 37 and table base 46. The swivel portion 55 may rotate or pivot around a pivot point (e.g., located below the patient's head) in order to position the bottom portion of the swivel portion 55 away from the column 37. For example, the pivoting of the swivel portion 55 allows a C-arm (not shown) to be positioned over the patient's lower abdomen without competing for space with the column (not shown) below table 38. By rotating the carriage 35 (not shown) around the column 37, the robotic arms 39 may directly insert a ureteroscope 56 along a virtual rail 57 into the patient's groin area to reach the urethra. In a ureteroscopy, stirrups 58 may also be fixed to the swivel portion 55 of the table 38 to support the position of the patient's legs during the procedure and allow clear access to the patient's groin area.

In a laparoscopic procedure, through small incision(s) in the patient's abdominal wall, minimally invasive instruments may be inserted into the patient's anatomy. In some embodiments, the minimally invasive instruments comprise an elongated rigid member, such as a shaft, which is used to access anatomy within the patient. After inflation of the patient's abdominal cavity, the instruments may be directed to perform surgical or medical tasks, such as grasping, cutting, ablating, suturing, etc. In some embodiments, the instruments can comprise a scope, such as a laparoscope. FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a robotically-enabled table-based system configured for a laparoscopic procedure. As shown in FIG. 9, the carriages 43 of the system 36 may be rotated and vertically adjusted to position pairs of the robotic arms 39 on opposite sides of the table 38, such that instrument 59 may be positioned using the arm mounts 45 to be passed through minimal incisions on both sides of the patient to reach his/her abdominal cavity.

To accommodate laparoscopic procedures, the robotically-enabled table system may also tilt the platform to a desired angle. FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of the robotically-enabled medical system with pitch or tilt adjustment. As shown in FIG. 10, the system 36 may accommodate tilt of the table 38 to position one portion of the table at a greater distance from the floor than the other. Additionally, the arm mounts 45 may rotate to match the tilt such that the robotic arms 39 maintain the same planar relationship with the table 38. To accommodate steeper angles, the column 37 may also include telescoping portions 60 that allow vertical extension of the column 37 to keep the table 38 from touching the floor or colliding with the table base 46.

FIG. 11 provides a detailed illustration of the interface between the table 38 and the column 37. Pitch rotation mechanism 61 may be configured to alter the pitch angle of the table 38 relative to the column 37 in multiple degrees of freedom. The pitch rotation mechanism 61 may be enabled by the positioning of orthogonal axes 1, 2 at the column-table interface, each axis actuated by a separate motor 3, 4 responsive to an electrical pitch angle command. Rotation along one screw 5 would enable tilt adjustments in one axis 1, while rotation along the other screw 6 would enable tilt adjustments along the other axis 2. In some embodiments, a ball joint can be used to alter the pitch angle of the table 38 relative to the column 37 in multiple degrees of freedom.

For example, pitch adjustments are particularly useful when trying to position the table in a Trendelenburg position, i.e., position the patient's lower abdomen at a higher position from the floor than the patient's upper abdomen, for lower abdominal surgery. The Trendelenburg position causes the patient's internal organs to slide towards his/her upper abdomen through the force of gravity, clearing out the abdominal cavity for minimally invasive tools to enter and perform lower abdominal surgical or medical procedures, such as laparoscopic prostatectomy.

FIGS. 12 and 13 illustrate isometric and end views of an alternative embodiment of a table-based surgical robotics system 100. The surgical robotics system 100 includes one or more adjustable arm supports 105 that can be configured to support one or more robotic arms (see, for example, FIG. 14) relative to a table 101. In the illustrated embodiment, a single adjustable arm support 105 is shown, though an additional arm support can be provided on an opposite side of the table 101. The adjustable arm support 105 can be configured so that it can move relative to the table 101 to adjust and/or vary the position of the adjustable arm support 105 and/or any robotic arms mounted thereto relative to the table 101. For example, the adjustable arm support 105 may be adjusted one or more degrees of freedom relative to the table 101. The adjustable arm support 105 provides high versatility to the system 100, including the ability to easily stow the one or more adjustable arm supports 105 and any robotics arms attached thereto beneath the table 101. The adjustable arm support 105 can be elevated from the stowed position to a position below an upper surface of the table 101. In other embodiments, the adjustable arm support 105 can be elevated from the stowed position to a position above an upper surface of the table 101.

The adjustable arm support 105 can provide several degrees of freedom, including lift, lateral translation, tilt, etc. In the illustrated embodiment of FIGS. 12 and 13, the arm support 105 is configured with four degrees of freedom, which are illustrated with arrows in FIG. 12. A first degree of freedom allows for adjustment of the adjustable arm support 105 in the z-direction (“Z-lift”). For example, the adjustable arm support 105 can include a carriage 109 configured to move up or down along or relative to a column 102 supporting the table 101. A second degree of freedom can allow the adjustable arm support 105 to tilt. For example, the adjustable arm support 105 can include a rotary joint, which can allow the adjustable arm support 105 to be aligned with the bed in a Trendelenburg position. A third degree of freedom can allow the adjustable arm support 105 to “pivot up,” which can be used to adjust a distance between a side of the table 101 and the adjustable arm support 105. A fourth degree of freedom can permit translation of the adjustable arm support 105 along a longitudinal length of the table.

The surgical robotics system 100 in FIGS. 12 and 13 can comprise a table supported by a column 102 that is mounted to a base 103. The base 103 and the column 102 support the table 101 relative to a support surface. A floor axis 131 and a support axis 133 are shown in FIG. 13.

The adjustable arm support 105 can be mounted to the column 102. In other embodiments, the arm support 105 can be mounted to the table 101 or base 103. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a carriage 109, a bar or rail connector 111 and a bar or rail 107. In some embodiments, one or more robotic arms mounted to the rail 107 can translate and move relative to one another.

The carriage 109 can be attached to the column 102 by a first joint 113, which allows the carriage 109 to move relative to the column 102 (e.g., such as up and down a first or vertical axis 123). The first joint 113 can provide the first degree of freedom (Z-lift) to the adjustable arm support 105. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a second joint 115, which provides the second degree of freedom (tilt) for the adjustable arm support 105. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a third joint 117, which can provide the third degree of freedom (“pivot up”) for the adjustable arm support 105. An additional joint 119 (shown in FIG. 13) can be provided that mechanically constrains the third joint 117 to maintain an orientation of the rail 107 as the rail connector 111 is rotated about a third axis 127. The adjustable arm support 105 can include a fourth joint 121, which can provide a fourth degree of freedom (translation) for the adjustable arm support 105 along a fourth axis 129.

FIG. 14 illustrates an end view of the surgical robotics system 140A with two adjustable arm supports 105A, 105B mounted on opposite sides of a table 101. A first robotic arm 142A is attached to the bar or rail 107A of the first adjustable arm support 105B. The first robotic arm 142A includes a base 144A attached to the rail 107A. The distal end of the first robotic arm 142A includes an instrument drive mechanism 146A that can attach to one or more robotic medical instruments or tools. Similarly, the second robotic arm 142B includes a base 144B attached to the rail 107B. The distal end of the second robotic arm 142B includes an instrument drive mechanism 146B. The instrument drive mechanism 146B can be configured to attach to one or more robotic medical instruments or tools.

In some embodiments, one or more of the robotic arms 142A, 142B comprises an arm with seven or more degrees of freedom. In some embodiments, one or more of the robotic arms 142A, 142B can include eight degrees of freedom, including an insertion axis (1-degree of freedom including insertion), a wrist (3-degrees of freedom including wrist pitch, yaw and roll), an elbow (1-degree of freedom including elbow pitch), a shoulder (2-degrees of freedom including shoulder pitch and yaw), and base 144A, 144B (1-degree of freedom including translation). In some embodiments, the insertion degree of freedom can be provided by the robotic arm 142A, 142B, while in other embodiments, the instrument itself provides insertion via an instrument-based insertion architecture.

C. Instrument Driver & Interface.

The end effectors of the system's robotic arms may comprise (i) an instrument driver (alternatively referred to as “instrument drive mechanism” or “instrument device manipulator”) that incorporates electro-mechanical means for actuating the medical instrument and (ii) a removable or detachable medical instrument, which may be devoid of any electro-mechanical components, such as motors. This dichotomy may be driven by the need to sterilize medical instruments used in medical procedures, and the inability to adequately sterilize expensive capital equipment due to their intricate mechanical assemblies and sensitive electronics. Accordingly, the medical instruments may be designed to be detached, removed, and interchanged from the instrument driver (and thus the system) for individual sterilization or disposal by the physician or the physician's staff. In contrast, the instrument drivers need not be changed or sterilized, and may be draped for protection.

FIG. 15 illustrates an example instrument driver. Positioned at the distal end of a robotic arm, instrument driver 62 comprises one or more drive units 63 arranged with parallel axes to provide controlled torque to a medical instrument via drive shafts 64. Each drive unit 63 comprises an individual drive shaft 64 for interacting with the instrument, a gear head 65 for converting the motor shaft rotation to a desired torque, a motor 66 for generating the drive torque, an encoder 67 to measure the speed of the motor shaft and provide feedback to the control circuitry, and control circuitry 68 for receiving control signals and actuating the drive unit. Each drive unit 63 being independently controlled and motorized, the instrument driver 62 may provide multiple (e.g., four as shown in FIG. 15) independent drive outputs to the medical instrument. In operation, the control circuitry 68 would receive a control signal, transmit a motor signal to the motor 66, compare the resulting motor speed as measured by the encoder 67 with the desired speed, and modulate the motor signal to generate the desired torque.

For procedures that require a sterile environment, the robotic system may incorporate a drive interface, such as a sterile adapter connected to a sterile drape, that sits between the instrument driver and the medical instrument. The chief purpose of the sterile adapter is to transfer angular motion from the drive shafts of the instrument driver to the drive inputs of the instrument while maintaining physical separation, and thus sterility, between the drive shafts and drive inputs. Accordingly, an example sterile adapter may comprise a series of rotational inputs and outputs intended to be mated with the drive shafts of the instrument driver and drive inputs on the instrument. Connected to the sterile adapter, the sterile drape, comprised of a thin, flexible material such as transparent or translucent plastic, is designed to cover the capital equipment, such as the instrument driver, robotic arm, and cart (in a cart-based system) or table (in a table-based system). Use of the drape would allow the capital equipment to be positioned proximate to the patient while still being located in an area not requiring sterilization (i.e., non-sterile field). On the other side of the sterile drape, the medical instrument may interface with the patient in an area requiring sterilization (i.e., sterile field).

D. Medical Instrument.

FIG. 16 illustrates an example medical instrument with a paired instrument driver. Like other instruments designed for use with a robotic system, medical instrument 70 comprises an elongated shaft 71 (or elongate body) and an instrument base 72. The instrument base 72, also referred to as an “instrument handle” due to its intended design for manual interaction by the physician, may generally comprise rotatable drive inputs 73, e.g., receptacles, pulleys or spools, that are designed to be mated with drive outputs 74 that extend through a drive interface on instrument driver 75 at the distal end of robotic arm 76. When physically connected, latched, and/or coupled, the mated drive inputs 73 of the instrument base 72 may share axes of rotation with the drive outputs 74 in the instrument driver 75 to allow the transfer of torque from the drive outputs 74 to the drive inputs 73. In some embodiments, the drive outputs 74 may comprise splines that are designed to mate with receptacles on the drive inputs 73.

The elongated shaft 71 is designed to be delivered through either an anatomical opening or lumen, e.g., as in endoscopy, or a minimally invasive incision, e.g., as in laparoscopy. The elongated shaft 71 may be either flexible (e.g., having properties similar to an endoscope) or rigid (e.g., having properties similar to a laparoscope) or contain a customized combination of both flexible and rigid portions. When designed for laparoscopy, the distal end of a rigid elongated shaft may be connected to an end effector extending from a jointed wrist formed from a clevis with at least one degree of freedom and a surgical tool or medical instrument, such as, for example, a grasper or scissors, that may be actuated based on force from the tendons as the drive inputs rotate in response to torque received from the drive outputs 74 of the instrument driver 75. When designed for endoscopy, the distal end of a flexible elongated shaft may include a steerable or controllable bending section that may be articulated and bent based on torque received from the drive outputs 74 of the instrument driver 75.

Torque from the instrument driver 75 is transmitted down the elongated shaft 71 using tendons along the elongated shaft 71. These individual tendons, such as pull wires, may be individually anchored to individual drive inputs 73 within the instrument handle 72. From the handle 72, the tendons are directed down one or more pull lumens along the elongated shaft 71 and anchored at the distal portion of the elongated shaft 71, or in the wrist at the distal portion of the elongated shaft. During a surgical procedure, such as a laparoscopic, endoscopic or hybrid procedure, these tendons may be coupled to a distally mounted end effector, such as a wrist, grasper, or scissor. Under such an arrangement, torque exerted on drive inputs 73 would transfer tension to the tendon, thereby causing the end effector to actuate in some way. In some embodiments, during a surgical procedure, the tendon may cause a joint to rotate about an axis, thereby causing the end effector to move in one direction or another. Alternatively, the tendon may be connected to one or more jaws of a grasper at the distal end of the elongated shaft 71, where tension from the tendon causes the grasper to close.

In endoscopy, the tendons may be coupled to a bending or articulating section positioned along the elongated shaft 71 (e.g., at the distal end) via adhesive, control ring, or other mechanical fixation. When fixedly attached to the distal end of a bending section, torque exerted on the drive inputs 73 would be transmitted down the tendons, causing the softer, bending section (sometimes referred to as the articulable section or region) to bend or articulate. Along the non-bending sections, it may be advantageous to spiral or helix the individual pull lumens that direct the individual tendons along (or inside) the walls of the endoscope shaft to balance the radial forces that result from tension in the pull wires. The angle of the spiraling and/or spacing therebetween may be altered or engineered for specific purposes, wherein tighter spiraling exhibits lesser shaft compression under load forces, while lower amounts of spiraling results in greater shaft compression under load forces, but limits bending. On the other end of the spectrum, the pull lumens may be directed parallel to the longitudinal axis of the elongated shaft 71 to allow for controlled articulation in the desired bending or articulable sections.

In endoscopy, the elongated shaft 71 houses a number of components to assist with the robotic procedure. The shaft 71 may comprise a working channel for deploying surgical tools (or medical instruments), irrigation, and/or aspiration to the operative region at the distal end of the shaft 71. The shaft 71 may also accommodate wires and/or optical fibers to transfer signals to/from an optical assembly at the distal tip, which may include an optical camera. The shaft 71 may also accommodate optical fibers to carry light from proximally-located light sources, such as light emitting diodes, to the distal end of the shaft 71.

At the distal end of the instrument 70, the distal tip may also comprise the opening of a working channel for delivering tools for diagnostic and/or therapy, irrigation, and aspiration to an operative site. The distal tip may also include a port for a camera, such as a fiberscope or a digital camera, to capture images of an internal anatomical space. Relatedly, the distal tip may also include ports for light sources for illuminating the anatomical space when using the camera.

In the example of FIG. 16, the drive shaft axes, and thus the drive input axes, are orthogonal to the axis of the elongated shaft 71. This arrangement, however, complicates roll capabilities for the elongated shaft 71. Rolling the elongated shaft 71 along its axis while keeping the drive inputs 73 static results in undesirable tangling of the tendons as they extend off the drive inputs 73 and enter pull lumens within the elongated shaft 71. The resulting entanglement of such tendons may disrupt any control algorithms intended to predict movement of the flexible elongated shaft 71 during an endoscopic procedure.

FIG. 17 illustrates an alternative design for an instrument driver and instrument where the axes of the drive units are parallel to the axis of the elongated shaft of the instrument. As shown, a circular instrument driver 80 comprises four drive units with their drive outputs 81 aligned in parallel at the end of a robotic arm 82. The drive units, and their respective drive outputs 81, are housed in a rotational assembly 83 of the instrument driver 80 that is driven by one of the drive units within the assembly 83. In response to torque provided by the rotational drive unit, the rotational assembly 83 rotates along a circular bearing that connects the rotational assembly 83 to the non-rotational portion 84 of the instrument driver 80. Power and controls signals may be communicated from the non-rotational portion 84 of the instrument driver 80 to the rotational assembly 83 through electrical contacts that may be maintained through rotation by a brushed slip ring connection (not shown). In other embodiments, the rotational assembly 83 may be responsive to a separate drive unit that is integrated into the non-rotatable portion 84, and thus not in parallel to the other drive units. The rotational mechanism 83 allows the instrument driver 80 to rotate the drive units, and their respective drive outputs 81, as a single unit around an instrument driver axis 85.

Like earlier disclosed embodiments, an instrument 86 may comprise an elongated shaft portion 88 and an instrument base 87 (shown with a transparent external skin for discussion purposes) comprising a plurality of drive inputs 89 (such as receptacles, pulleys, and spools) that are configured to receive the drive outputs 81 in the instrument driver 80. Unlike prior disclosed embodiments, the instrument shaft 88 extends from the center of the instrument base 87 with an axis substantially parallel to the axes of the drive inputs 89, rather than orthogonal as in the design of FIG. 16.

When coupled to the rotational assembly 83 of the instrument driver 80, the medical instrument 86, comprising instrument base 87 and instrument shaft 88, rotates in combination with the rotational assembly 83 about the instrument driver axis 85. Since the instrument shaft 88 is positioned at the center of instrument base 87, the instrument shaft 88 is coaxial with instrument driver axis 85 when attached. Tus, rotation of the rotational assembly 83 causes the instrument shaft 88 to rotate about its own longitudinal axis. Moreover, as the instrument base 87 rotates with the instrument shaft 88, any tendons connected to the drive inputs 89 in the instrument base 87 are not tangled during rotation. Accordingly, the parallelism of the axes of the drive outputs 81, drive inputs 89, and instrument shaft 88 allows for the shaft rotation without tangling any control tendons.

FIG. 18 illustrates an instrument having an instrument based insertion architecture in accordance with some embodiments. The instrument 150 can be coupled to any of the instrument drivers discussed above. The instrument 150 comprises an elongated shaft 152, an end effector 162 connected to the shaft 152, and a handle 170 coupled to the shaft 152. The elongated shaft 152 comprises a tubular member having a proximal portion 154 and a distal portion 156. The elongated shaft 152 comprises one or more channels or grooves 158 along its outer surface. The grooves 158 are configured to receive one or more wires or cables 180 therethrough. One or more cables 180 thus run along an outer surface of the elongated shaft 152. In other embodiments, cables 180 can also run through the elongated shaft 152. Manipulation of the one or more cables 180 (e.g., via an instrument driver) results in actuation of the end effector 162.

The instrument handle 170, which may also be referred to as an instrument base, may generally comprise an attachment interface 172 having one or more mechanical inputs 174. e.g., receptacles, pulleys or spools, that are designed to be reciprocally mated with one or more torque couplers on an attachment surface of an instrument driver.

In some embodiments, the instrument 150 comprises a series of pulleys or cables that enable the elongated shaft 152 to translate relative to the handle 170. In other words, the instrument 150 itself comprises an instrument-based insertion architecture that accommodates insertion of the instrument, thereby minimizing the reliance on a robot arm to provide insertion of the instrument 150. In other embodiments, a robotic arm can be largely responsible for instrument insertion.

E. Controller.

Any of the robotic systems described herein can include an input device or controller for manipulating an instrument attached to a robotic arm. In some embodiments, the controller can be coupled (e.g., communicatively, electronically, electrically, wirelessly and/or mechanically) with an instrument such that manipulation of the controller causes a corresponding manipulation of the instrument e.g., via master slave control.

FIG. 19 is a perspective view of an embodiment of a controller 182. In the present embodiment, the controller 182 comprises a hybrid controller that can have both impedance and admittance control. In other embodiments, the controller 182 can utilize just impedance or passive control. In other embodiments, the controller 182 can utilize just admittance control. By being a hybrid controller, the controller 182 advantageously can have a lower perceived inertia while in use.

In the illustrated embodiment, the controller 182 is configured to allow manipulation of two medical instruments, and includes two handles 184. Each of the handles 184 is connected to a gimbal 186. Each gimbal 186 is connected to a positioning platform 188.

As shown in FIG. 19, each positioning platform 188 includes a SCARA arm (selective compliance assembly robot arm) 198 coupled to a column 194 by a prismatic joint 196. The prismatic joints 196 are configured to translate along the column 194 (e.g., along rails 197) to allow each of the handles 184 to be translated in the z-direction, providing a first degree of freedom. The SCARA arm 198 is configured to allow motion of the handle 184 in an x-y plane, providing two additional degrees of freedom.

In some embodiments, one or more load cells are positioned in the controller. For example, in some embodiments, a load cell (not shown) is positioned in the body of each of the gimbals 186. By providing a load cell, portions of the controller 182 are capable of operating under admittance control, thereby advantageously reducing the perceived inertia of the controller while in use. In some embodiments, the positioning platform 188 is configured for admittance control, while the gimbal 186 is configured for impedance control. In other embodiments, the gimbal 186 is configured for admittance control, while the positioning platform 188 is configured for impedance control. Accordingly, for some embodiments, the translational or positional degrees of freedom of the positioning platform 188 can rely on admittance control, while the rotational degrees of freedom of the gimbal 186 rely on impedance control.

F. Navigation and Control.

Traditional endoscopy may involve the use of fluoroscopy (e.g., as may be delivered through a C-arm) and other forms of radiation-based imaging modalities to provide endoluminal guidance to an operator physician. In contrast, the robotic systems contemplated by this disclosure can provide for non-radiation-based navigational and localization means to reduce physician exposure to radiation and reduce the amount of equipment within the operating room. As used herein, the term “localization” may refer to determining and/or monitoring the position of objects in a reference coordinate system. Technologies such as preoperative mapping, computer vision, real-time EM tracking, and robot command data may be used individually or in combination to achieve a radiation-free operating environment. In other cases, where radiation-based imaging modalities are still used, the preoperative mapping, computer vision, real-time EM tracking, and robot command data may be used individually or in combination to improve upon the information obtained solely through radiation-based imaging modalities.

FIG. 20 is a block diagram illustrating a localization system 90 that estimates a location of one or more elements of the robotic system, such as the location of the instrument, in accordance to an example embodiment. The localization system 90 may be a set of one or more computer devices configured to execute one or more instructions. The computer devices may be embodied by a processor (or processors) and computer-readable memory in one or more components discussed above. By way of example and not limitation, the computer devices may be in the tower 30 shown in FIG. 1, the cart 11 shown in FIGS. 1-4, the beds shown in FIGS. 5-14, etc.

As shown in FIG. 20, the localization system 90 may include a localization module 95 that processes input data 91-94 to generate location data 96 for the distal tip of a medical instrument. The location data 96 may be data or logic that represents a location and/or orientation of the distal end of the instrument relative to a frame of reference. The frame of reference can be a frame of reference relative to the anatomy of the patient or to a known object, such as an EM field generator (see discussion below for the EM field generator).

The various input data 91-94 are now described in greater detail. Preoperative mapping may be accomplished through the use of the collection of low dose CT scans. Preoperative CT scans are reconstructed into three-dimensional images, which are visualized, e.g. as “slices” of a cutaway view of the patient's internal anatomy. When analyzed in the aggregate, image-based models for anatomical cavities, spaces and structures of the patient's anatomy, such as a patient lung network, may be generated. Techniques such as center-line geometry may be determined and approximated from the CT images to develop a three-dimensional volume of the patient's anatomy, referred to as model data 91 (also referred to as “preoperative model data” when generated using only preoperative CT scans). The use of center-line geometry is discussed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/523,760, the contents of which are herein incorporated in its entirety. Network topological models may also be derived from the CT-images, and are particularly appropriate for bronchoscopy.

In some embodiments, the instrument may be equipped with a camera to provide vision data (or image data) 92. The localization module 95 may process the vision data 92 to enable one or more vision-based (or image-based) location tracking modules or features. For example, the preoperative model data 91 may be used in conjunction with the vision data 92 to enable computer vision-based tracking of the medical instrument (e.g., an endoscope or an instrument advance through a working channel of the endoscope). For example, using the preoperative model data 91, the robotic system may generate a library of expected endoscopic images from the model based on the expected path of travel of the endoscope, each image linked to a location within the model. Intraoperatively, this library may be referenced by the robotic system in order to compare real-time images captured at the camera (e.g., a camera at a distal end of the endoscope) to those in the image library to assist localization.

Other computer vision-based tracking techniques use feature tracking to determine motion of the camera, and thus the endoscope. Some features of the localization module 95 may identify circular geometries in the preoperative model data 91 that correspond to anatomical lumens and track the change of those geometries to determine which anatomical lumen was selected, as well as the relative rotational and/or translational motion of the camera Use of a topological map may further enhance vision-based algorithms or techniques.

Optical flow, another computer vision-based technique, may analyze the displacement and translation of image pixels in a video sequence in the vision data 92 to infer camera movement. Examples of optical flow techniques may include motion detection, object segmentation calculations, luminance, motion compensated encoding, stereo disparity measurement, etc. Through the comparison of multiple frames over multiple iterations, movement and location of the camera (and thus the endoscope) may be determined.

The localization module 95 may use real-time EM tracking to generate a real-time location of the endoscope in a global coordinate system that may be registered to the patient's anatomy, represented by the preoperative model. In EM tracking, an EM sensor (or tracker) comprising one or more sensor coils embedded in one or more locations and orientations in a medical instrument (e.g., an endoscopic tool) measures the variation in the EM field created by one or more static EM field generators positioned at a known location. The location information detected by the EM sensors is stored as EM data 93. The EM field generator (or transmitter), may be placed close to the patient to create a low intensity magnetic field that the embedded sensor may detect. The magnetic field induces small currents in the sensor coils of the EM sensor, which may be analyzed to determine the distance and angle between the EM sensor and the EM field generator. These distances and orientations may be intraoperatively “registered” to the patient anatomy (e.g., the preoperative model) in order to determine the geometric transformation that aligns a single location in the coordinate system with a position in the preoperative model of the patient's anatomy. Once registered, an embedded EM tracker in one or more positions of the medical instrument (e.g., the distal tip of an endoscope) may provide real-time indications of the progression of the medical instrument through the patient's anatomy.

Robotic command and kinematics data 94 may also be used by the localization module 95 to provide localization data 96 for the robotic system. Device pitch and yaw resulting from articulation commands may be determined during preoperative calibration. Intraoperatively, these calibration measurements may be used in combination with known insertion depth information to estimate the position of the instrument. Alternatively, these calculations may be analyzed in combination with EM, vision, and/or topological modeling to estimate the position of the medical instrument within the network.

As FIG. 20 shows, a number of other input data can be used by the localization module 95. For example, although not shown in FIG. 20, an instrument utilizing shape-sensing fiber can provide shape data that the localization module 95 can use to determine the location and shape of the instrument.

The localization module 95 may use the input data 91-94 in combination(s). In some cases, such a combination may use a probabilistic approach where the localization module 95 assigns a confidence weight to the location determined from each of the input data 91-94. Thus, where the EM data may not be reliable (as may be the case where there is EM interference) the confidence of the location determined by the EM data 93 can be decrease and the localization module 95 may rely more heavily on the vision data 92 and/or the robotic command and kinematics data 94.

As discussed above, the robotic systems discussed herein may be designed to incorporate a combination of one or more of the technologies above. The robotic system's computer-based control system, based in the tower, bed and/or cart, may store computer program instructions, for example, within a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium such as a persistent magnetic storage drive, solid state drive, or the like, that, upon execution, cause the system to receive and analyze sensor data and user commands, generate control signals throughout the system, and display the navigational and localization data, such as the position of the instrument within the global coordinate system, anatomical map, etc.

2. Introduction to Saturated Robotic Movement

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to systems and techniques for saturated movement of robotic systems. As described herein, robotic medical systems may include a plurality of robotic arms configured to control the movement of medical tool(s) during a given medical procedure. In order to achieve a desired pose of a medical tool, a robotic arm may be placed into a pose, which may cause the robotic arm to come into contact with an external object, such as, for example, a patient, bedside staff, or inanimate object(s) (e.g., accessories on the bed). Because collision(s) with external objects may be dangerous (e.g., causing trauma to a patient or damage to the robotic system), it is desirable to prevent such collisions from occurring.

In addition to preventing collisions, the robotic system may respect certain constraints to maintain safety of a given medical procedure. For example, during a laparoscopic procedure, a cannula may be inserted into the patient's body wall through which a laparoscopic instrument can be inserted to gain entry into the body cavity. In order to prevent injury to the patient's body wall, the robotic system can enforce a remote center of motion (RCM) intersecting the patient's body wall at which movement of the robotic arm and medical instrument are constrained. Other example constraints which may be observed during robotic medical procedures include, but are not limited to: joint max velocity, robot end effector maximum velocity, robot elbow velocity, tool tip velocity, instrument wrist range of motion (RoM), instrument insertion limits, robot workspace, singularity avoidance, and linear approximation.

Implementations of this disclosure can enable a user of a medical robotic system to command movement of a medical instrument via a robotic arm while respecting one or more constraints by providing “saturated” movement of the robotic arm. As used herein, saturated movement may refer to the movement of a robotic arm along a threshold or boundary, beyond which a given constraint would not be satisfied. In one example, aspects of this disclosure can enable a robotic arm to move continuously along a collision boundary without interruption using saturated movement. Similar constraint-saturated movement can be employed for other movement constraints, including saturated movement which respects multiple constraints simultaneously.

A. Collision-Saturated Movement.

As described herein, a robotic medical system can include one or more serial manipulators (e.g., robotics arms) to control the movement of one or more medical instruments. Examples of such a robotic medical system are illustrated in FIGS. 1-14. Due to the working volume of each of the robotic arms, each robotic arm may be capable of colliding with an object in its working volume, which may occur, for example, between one robotic arm and another robotic arm, between one robotic arm and a medical instrument shaft, and/or between one robotic arm and another object in the medical workspace or environment. Robotic systems in accordance with aspects of this disclosure may include software configured to model the different components of the system (e.g., the robotic arms, instruments, accessories, etc.) within the workspace, wherein the model can be used to determine whether a collision will occur. For example, upon receiving a user command to move a medical instrument, the system can use the model to determine whether the commanded movement of the medical instrument would result in a collision within the workspace.

If the system detects a collision or imminent collision on the patient side, the system may halt further movement of the robotic arm in the direction of the collision in order to prevent injury to the patient or damage to components of the robotic system. On the physician side, the system may guide the master controller (e.g., the controller 182 of FIG. 19) by providing haptic feedback (e.g., via actuator(s) included in the controller 182) to move the master controller (or cause/guide the user to move the master controller) in a direction in which the collision can be avoided. Once the master controller has been moved by the user in a direction that the robotic arm can follow without resulting in the collision, the robotic arm may then “jump” into the commanded location within a collision free space. This “jumping” of the robotic arm presents a sudden, discontinuous motion that results in a jerky or otherwise non-smooth control on the user side.

FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate the movement of a master controller and a slave/robotic arm in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular, FIG. 21A illustrates an example of the jumping effect of the robotic arm which may occur without the use of saturated movement, while FIG. 21B illustrates an example of saturated movement of a slave/robotic arm which can prevent the jumping effect of the robotic arm. Although FIGS. 21A and 21B illustrate a two-dimensional (2D) space, this disclosure can also equally be applied to other spaces, including one-dimensional (1D), and three-dimensional (3D) spaces.

With reference to FIG. 21A, the model of the robotic system may include a collision-free space 202, as well as a collision space 204 defining a volume which is unreachable by components of the robotic system in order to prevent collisions. Also illustrated is an example set of movements of a master controller 206, a slave robotic arm 208 (e.g., a robotic arm following the commanded movement of the master controller 206), and the haptics 210 which can be applied to the master controller 206 to guide the user of the master controller 206 in moving away from the collision space 204. Although FIGS. 21A and 21B are described in connection with linkages of a slave robotic arm 208 which may come into contact with an object, constraint-saturated movement may be utilized to address joint constraints, such as a joint's limited RoM.

In certain implementations, the robotic system may use serial manipulators which form one or more robotic arms. The system may apply a software constraint analogous to a software constraint for an RCM to perform a robotic laparoscopic motion. In addition, each of the robotic arms may have, for example, seven degrees of freedom, thereby providing a I-degree of freedom null space. In other implementations, the robotic arms may have a greater or fewer number of degrees of freedom. When a robotic arm has at least one degree of freedom of null space, the system can use the null space degree(s) of freedom for active collision avoidance, including both linkage collisions and joint RoM limits. If a collision is unavoidable, the system may halt further robotic arm movement in the direction of the collision until the master controller is brought back to a master controller position corresponding to a robotic arm position achievable by the robotic arm without collision. For example, the movement of the master controller 206 back into the collision-free space 202 may be performed under haptic guidance 210.

The master controller 206 moves along a first path 212 with seven locations of the master controller 206 illustrated along the first path 212 (i.e., snapshots of the location of the master controller 206 during the movement along the first path 212). Similarly, the slave robotic arm 208 moves along a second path 214 with three locations of the slave robotic arm 208 illustrated along the second path 214. After the master controller 206 is moved from point A into the collision space 204 at point B, the system prevents the slave robotic arm 208 from following the master controller 206 into the collision space 204, thereby preventing the robotic arm from experiencing a collision. As the master controller 206 is moved through the collision space 204, the system holds the slave robotic arm 208 in the same position (e.g., at point B) just prior to the boundary of the collision space 204 to prevent the collision from occurring. As the user moves the master controller 206 through the collision space 204, haptics 210 are applied to the master controller 206 in the direction of the location of the slave robotic arm 208 at point B.

After the master controller 206 is moved back into the collision-free space 202 to point C, the slave robotic arm 208 is able to follow the position of the master controller 206 without moving into the collision space, and thus, jumps from the position the slave robotic arm 208 was holding prior to the master controller 206 moving into the collision space at point B to the position the master controller 206 after leaving the collision space 204 at point C. While the movement of the master controller 206 and slave robotic arm 208 illustrated in FIG. 21A avoids a collision, the sudden, discontinuous movement of the slave robotic arm 208 from point B to point C may not be natural and predictable motion for the user. This behavior has some user experience challenges but is able to safely observe the RCM type constraints and protect the robotic arm from colliding with objects in the environment. In accordance with aspects of this disclosure, there are provided systems and methods that are able to observe all motion constraints while improving the user experiences without halting motion completely upon detection of an impending collision.

To mitigate the issues with “slave/robot jumping” and create a smooth experience for the surgeon, aspects of this disclosure employ techniques which can provide (a) collision-saturated motion while (b) satisfying various motion constraints at the same time. FIG. 21B illustrates an example in which the slave robotic arm 208 is moved using collision-saturated algorithms which can also involve respecting one or more constraints.

Turning to FIG. 21B, the master controller 206 is moved in the same pattern or motion as in the FIG. 21A example. Upon reaching the boundary with the collision space 204 while following the master controller 206, the slave robotic arm 208 follows the movement of the master controller 206 as closely as possible without moving into the collision space 204. Accordingly, the slave robotic arm 208 moves along the collision boundary until the master controller 206 returns to the collision-free space 202 after which the slave robotic arm 208 can directly follow the master controller 206. The haptics 210 in this example are applied to the master controller 206 in the direction of the current position of the slave robotic arm 208, providing feedback to the user of the location of the slave robotic arm 208 and collision free space 202 with respect to the position of the master controller 206. In some embodiments, the system may control the master controller 206 to provide the haptic feedback 210 to the user in response to determining that moving the robotic arm according to a commanded movement would cause slave robotic arm 208 to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary between the collision-free space 202 and the collision space 204. The haptic feedback 210 may include tactile feedback including vibrations.

Comparing the examples of FIGS. 21A and 21B, in the example of FIG. 21A the slave robotic arm 208 is driven from point A to point B, where a collision (either actual or near collision) is detected. At that point, the system halts further motion of the slave robotic arm 208. At point B, the system can apply haptic feedback 210 the master controller 206 to guide the user away from the point of collision. Once the master controller 206 is guided back into the collision-free space 202, this causes the slave robotic arm 208 to jump from point B to point C. In contrast, in the example of FIG. 21B the movement of the slave robotic arm 208 follows collision boundary (e.g., the boundary between the collision-free space 202 and the collision space 204), such that the discontinuous “slave/robot jumping” of FIG. 21A does not occur. This movement of the slave robotic arm 208 along the collision boundary may correspond to the movement of the slave robotic arm 208 that is closest to the motion commanded by the master controller 206 without resulting in a collision. In addition, the system in FIG. 21B may be further configured to satisfy any other applicable constraints (e.g., software RCM) while moving the slave robotic arm 208 using collision-saturated movement.

FIG. 22 illustrates an example kinematics architecture 300 that can be implemented by a robotic system in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. The kinematics architecture 300 can be divided into a Cartesian space 302, a joint space 304, and a hardware space 306. The kinematics architecture 300 includes a Cartesian saturation module 308, a state transition reset module 310, a haptics feedback module 312, an inverse kinematics module 314, a combination module 316, a collision avoidance and null space movement module 318 (also referred to simply as a collision avoidance module), an alpha-saturation module 320, a forward kinematics module 322, a filter 324, and robotic joints 326. Although FIG. 22 illustrates one implementation of the kinematics architecture 300, in other implementations one or more of the illustrated modules may be removed, implemented in a single module, and/or additional modules may be added.

Constraint-saturated movement of a robotic arm can be implemented, for example, via one or more of the Cartesian saturation module 308, the alpha-saturation module 320, and/or the collision avoidance module 318. For example, the Cartesian saturation module 308 may implement tip velocity saturation and/or instrument wrist RoM, the alpha-saturation module 320 may implement joint velocity saturation and/or instrument tip velocity, and the collision avoidance module 318 may implement collision saturation. Together, the modules forming the kinematics architecture 300 provide convergence when running in real-time with fast enough loop rate to robustly deliver the collision-saturated motion, due to the coupling from the constraints, assumptions, and even collision detection limitations.

FIG. 23 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 400 operable by a surgical robotic system, or component(s) thereof, for collision saturated movement in accordance with one or more aspects of this disclosure. It is to be appreciated that the steps of method 400 illustrated in FIG. 23 may be performed by one or more processors of a surgical robotic system. For convenience, the method 400 is described as performed by a processor of the system.

The processor may be included as a part of a system, including a robotic arm configured to control movement of a medical instrument. The system may further include at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the processor and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the set of processors to perform the method 400.

The method 400 may begin at block 401. At block 402, the processor may receive a user input from a user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm. For example, the user input may be received from a master controller 206 such as the controller 182 of FIG. 19. At block 404, the processor may determine that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause a contact point (see the contact point 516 in FIG. 24 below) of the robotic arm to contact or cross a collision boundary surrounding an object. The collision boundary may separate a collision-free workspace (e.g., the collision space 202) of the robotic arm from the object (e.g., which may be represented by a collision space 204). In some implementations, the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is based on detecting a collision between the contact point and the collision boundary.

At block 406, the processor may guide the movement of the robotic arm such that the contact point of the robotic arm continuously moves along the collision boundary based in part on the user input. The processor may guide the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the user input would cause the contact point to contact or cross the collision boundary in block 404. The method 400 ends at block 408.

FIG. 24 illustrates an example of a robotic arm 502 at a position which may be at risk of a collision with an object or obstacle 512 in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. The robotic arm 502 includes a plurality of joints connecting a plurality of links. In particular, an origin 504 of an i^(th) joint is shown at a proximal end of the robotic arm 502 and a device manipulator 506 is shown at a distal end of the robotic arm 502. The device manipulator 506 is configured to control the movement of an instrument 508, which has a motion constraint at an RCM 510.

The object 512 may be located within reach of the robotic arm 502. In order to detect a potential collision between the object 512 and the robotic arm 502, the system may determine the points on the robotic arm 502 and the object 512 that are closest to a collision and the distance between these points. In particular, the system may determine a contact point 516 on the robotic arm 502 and an obstacle point 514 on the object 512. In other words, the contact point 516 belongs to a set of points on the robotic arm, where the contact point 516 is closer to the object 512 than all other points of the set.

In certain implementations, in order to generate collision-saturated motion 84, and thereby guide the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary while respecting the RCM constraint, the processor may sum two joint motions δq_(rc) and δq_(sat) together. The joint motions δq_(rc) and δq_(sat) may be the inverse kinematic solutions to the following equations at the link and/or joint saturation thresholds;

$\begin{matrix} \left\{ \begin{matrix} {{J_{rc}{\delta q}_{rc}} = {\delta x}_{rc}} \\ {{J_{sat}{\delta q}_{sat}} = {\delta x}_{sat}} \end{matrix} \right. & (1) \end{matrix}$

In some implementations, the inverse kinematics are solved, for example by the inverse kinematics module 314, using a standard weighted damped-least square method. The two equations (1) represent the 6-DoF pose control and “saturation” tasks, respectively. In these equations, the Jacobians are defined as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{J_{rc}\overset{\Delta}{=}\begin{bmatrix} J_{p_{rc}} \\ J_{\omega_{rc}} \end{bmatrix}}{J_{sat}\overset{\Delta}{=}\begin{bmatrix} J_{p_{rc}} \\ J_{u} \end{bmatrix}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

Here, J_(rc) is the full Jacobian of the remote center (J_(p) _(rc) and J_(ω) _(rc) are translational and rotational Jacobians respectively) and J_(sat) is denoted as the saturation Jacobian. J_(u) is the unified Jacobian defined as either J_(p) _(c) (the translational Jacobian of the collision point) or i^(th) joint Jacobian j_(i)≙[0_(1×(i-1)), 1, 0_(1×(m-i))]_(1×m), whichever is more severe. As used herein, severity may refer to a normalized measure of the physical proximity of the object(s) in collision. For example, a value of ‘0’ may be used to indicate that the object(s) are far and thus not considered a collision, while a value of ‘1’ may be used to indicate that the object(s) distance is at a threshold distance at which the system halts further movement of the robotic arm. By using a severity measure constructed in this manner, severity can be compared across different types of collisions, e.g., whether translational or orientational, and/or collisions with different thresholds, m may denote the number of DoFs.

The right-hand sides in equation (1) are the task descriptions, which may be defined as follows:

$\begin{matrix} {{{\delta x_{rc}} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ {\delta\alpha} \end{bmatrix}}{{\delta x_{sat}} = \begin{bmatrix} 0 \\ {\delta p_{u}} \end{bmatrix}}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

Where 0 on the upper rows imposes the RCM constraint, δα denotes the desired orientation change and δp_(u) is the desired saturation task. In certain implementations, the desired saturation task δp_(u) may be defined different for the contact point 516 that for the i^(th) joint of the robotic arm 502. In some implementations, the desired saturation task δp_(u) for the contact point 516 may be based on a collision avoidance direction projection matrix and the desired saturation task δp_(u) for the i^(th) joint of the robotic arm 502 may be based on the desired motion of the i^(th) joint to drive the i^(th) joint away from its saturation limit. The joint saturation limit can be set as any admissible value within the joint limits. The desired saturation task δp_(u) for the contact point 516 may be based on the desired normal motion of the contact point 516. The desired normal motion of the contact point 516 may be determined based on the distance between the contact point 516 and the obstacle point 514, the saturation threshold, and/or the positions of the contact point 516 and the obstacle point 514.

FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate two examples in which collision saturation can be employed in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular, FIG. 25A illustrates proactive collision saturation 600 and FIG. 25B illustrates reactive collision saturation 620. FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate a contact point 602, an object 604, an upper threshold 606, and a saturation threshold 608. The robotic system may implement the proactive collision saturation 600 when the distance between the contact point 602 and the object 604 is less than the upper threshold 606 but greater than the saturation threshold 608. In some implementations, the saturation threshold 608 may correspond to the collision boundary between the collision-free space 202 and the collision space 204 illustrated in FIGS. 21A and 21B.

With reference to FIG. 25A, the commanded motion of the contact point 602 may include a parallel component 610 and a normal component 612. In this state, the system may implement collision saturation by scaling down the commanded normal component 612 of the collision point to a scaled normal component 614 to ensure the scaled normal component 614 does not cross the saturation threshold 608. The proactive collision saturation 600 technique may be implemented when the following two conditions are satisfied: (i) the distance between the contact point 602 and the object 604 is less than the upper threshold 606 but greater than the saturation threshold 608, and (ii) the commanded normal component 612 would bring the contact point 602 closer to the object 604 than the saturation threshold 608. In some implementations, the system does not modify the normal component 612 of the commanded motion.

In implementing the proactive collision saturation 600 techniques of FIG. 25A, the system may identify a vector component 612 of a user input having a direction that would cause the contact point 602 of the robotic arm to cross the collision boundary (e.g., the saturation threshold 608), and reduce or prevent movement of the contact point 602 according to the identified vector component 612 such that the contact point does not cross the collision boundary.

The system can also be configured to move the contact point 602 of the robotic arm without modification in response to determining that the commanded movement would move the contact point away from the saturation threshold 608. For example, the system can be configured to determine that moving the robotic arm according to the commanded movement would cause the contact point 602 of the robotic arm to move away from the saturation threshold 608, and control the movement of the robotic arm away from the saturation threshold 608 according to the commanded movement, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the commanded movement would cause the contact point 602 of the robotic arm to move away from the saturation threshold 608.

The robotic system may implement the reactive collision saturation 620 illustrated in FIG. 25B in response to the contact point 602 being located closer to the object 604 than the saturation threshold 608. In this case, the system may implement the reactive collision saturation 620 by driving the contact point 602 away from the object 604 to ensure that the contact point 602 falls back (e.g., saturates) on the saturation threshold 608. In particular, the system may move the contact point 602 with a normal component 622 that moves the contact point 602 back to the saturation threshold 608 regardless of the commanded normal component. The reactive collision saturation 620 may leave the parallel component 624 of the commanded motion unchanged.

By refraining from modifying the parallel component 610, 624 of the commanded motion in each of the proactive and reactive collision saturation 600 and 620 techniques, the system can provide the sliding motion along the saturation boundary, for example, as implemented in block 406 of FIG. 23.

The aspects described in connection to FIGS. 25A and 25B can also be generalized to thresholds that are not strictly based on the minimum distance between the contact point 602 on the robotic arm and the object 604. In some implementations the collision boundary may be configured to provide (i) a first threshold distance between the contact point 602 and the object 604 and/or (ii) a first angular threshold between the contact point 602 and the object 604. For example, when providing (i) a first threshold distance between a contact point 602 and an object 604, the first threshold distance may be applied between to any two objects (e.g., a first robotic arm is at risk of a collision with a second robotic arm, a first link of a robotic arm is at risk of reaching a joint limit with a second link of a robotic arm, a first medical tool that is at risk of collision with a second medical tool, etc.) in the medical environment. In another example, when providing (ii) a first angular threshold between a contact point and an object, the first angular threshold can be applied to a scenario of a first link that is about to reach a joint limit with a second link. In other words, the joint limit between two links can be based on: (i) a first threshold distance and/or (ii) a first angular threshold depending on the implementation.

In addition to the use of a first threshold distance, the processor may also provide a second threshold distance and/or angle, where the second threshold distance and/or angle is greater than the first threshold distance and/or angle. In some implementations, the processor can determine that the contact point 602 is within the second threshold distance and/or the second threshold angle from the object 604. The processor may, in response to determining that the contact point is within the second threshold distance and/or angle from the object, determine that moving the robotic arm according to a user input would cause the contact point 602 to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary.

B. Secondary Constraints

In certain implementations, the robotic system can also be configured to provide saturation of any of the “secondary” constraints mentioned above independently of or in addition to the collision saturated movement. FIG. 26 is a flowchart illustrating an example method 700 operable by a surgical robotic system, or component(s) thereof, for collision saturated movement while respecting secondary constraints in accordance with one or more aspects of this disclosure. It is to be appreciated that the steps of method 700 illustrated in FIG. 26 may be performed by one or more processors of a surgical robotic system. For convenience, the method 700 is described as performed by a processor of the system.

The processor may be included as a part of a system, including a robotic arm configured to control movement of a medical instrument. The system may further include at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the processor and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the set of processors to perform the method 700.

The method 700 may begin at block 701. At block 702, the processor may receive an input from a user for moving the robotic arm to control the medical instrument. At block 704, the processor may guide the movement of the robotic arm along a collision boundary surrounding an object in accordance with the input and one or more secondary constraints. The secondary constraints may include one or more of the following: a joint max velocity, a robot end effector max velocity, a robot elbow velocity, a tool tip velocity, an instrument wrist RoM, instrument insertion limits, a robot workspace, singularity avoidance, and linear approximation(s). The method ends at block 706.

In certain implementations, the processor may control the movement of a robotic arm while saturating a velocity constraint (e.g., a joint max velocity, a robot end effector max velocity, a robot elbow velocity, and/or a tool tip velocity). For example, the processor may determine that moving the robotic arm according to a user input would move at least a portion of the robotic arm at a first velocity that exceeds a velocity constraint. The processor may further guide the movement of the robotic arm at a second velocity that is less than the velocity constraint in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm to follow the user input would move the at least a portion of the robotic arm at the first velocity.

The guiding of the robotic arm in accordance with one or more secondary constraints may be implemented via different modules within the kinematics architecture 300 illustrated in FIG. 22. In addition, in certain implementations, the techniques described above in the Collision-Saturated Movement section alone may not be sufficient to robustly provide collision-saturated motion of a robotic arm, due to the coupling from the constraints, assumptions, and/or collision detection limitations. This can be addressed using the kinematics architecture 300 which may provide convergence when running in real-time with fast enough loop rate. With reference to FIG. 22, the algorithms discussed in connection with the Collision-Saturated Movement section may be implemented, at least partially, by the collision avoidance module 318. As a whole, the kinematics architecture 300 can integrally generate the slave robotic arm commands used to move robotic joints 320 to execute saturated movement of the robotic arm (e.g., collision saturated and/or constraint saturated movement).

FIG. 27 illustrates an example illustration of how the Cartesian saturation module 308 (see FIG. 22) functions in accordance with aspects of this disclosure. In particular, the Cartesian saturation module 308 may limit the input to inverse kinematics module 314 based on the current position of the robotic arm to prevent certain adverse conditions from occurring in the inverse kinematics module 314. For example, adverse conditions such as the violation of a linear assumption, singularity, robot workspace, collision detection limitation, etc., can be reduced or prevented together with other proper saturations by the Cartesian saturation module 308. The Cartesian saturation module 308 can also saturate the tool tip velocity, which can improve the safety of the medical instrument. The Cartesian saturation module 308 may also saturate the instrument wrist RoM without conflict to Cartesian Saturation. With reference to FIG. 27, illustrated are a commanded movement from the master controller 802, a slave/robot pose 804 (e.g., which may be output from the forward kinematics module 322), an alpha saturated commanded motion 806 without Cartesian saturation, and a Cartesian saturated motion 808.

Saturation of these secondary constraints may be performed in an analogous manner to the collision saturation described above. For example, upon determining that a commanded movement would result in meeting or exceeding a threshold associated with a given constraint, the system may saturate movement that would exceed the threshold such that the threshold is not exceeded, while allowing movement consistent with the command that would not exceed the threshold (e.g., movement up to the threshold and/or movement that is parallel to the threshold if the constraint is multi-dimensional).

In some implementations, another secondary constraint includes alpha saturation in the joint space 304. Alpha saturation may refer to coordinated joint saturation to observe joint max velocity without breaking the RCM constraint, under the linear approximation of kinematics. The alpha saturation module 320 may implement alpha saturation which can be used to enforce velocity constraints on the device manipulator (e.g., the device manipulator 506) and/or any point along the robotic arm, for various compliance with velocity safety requirement(s). In conjunction with the filter module 324, the alpha saturation module 320 can generates smooth commands for the robot joints 326, which may stay in the robotic hardware space 306 for appropriate physical execution. The haptics feedback module 312 can be configured to calculate the difference between master controller 206 and the slave robotic arm 208 pose, which can be used by the master controller 206 to provide haptic force/torque and inform the user of the saturation applied to the movement of the slave robotic arm 208 (e.g., see FIGS. 21A and 21B).

In certain implementations, the system can be configured to implement motion saturation to comply with more than one secondary constraint during movement of a robotic arm. When multiple saturation constraints are at or near saturation, the system may be configured to compare the severity of the constraints to make a determination as to which of the constraints to saturation during movement of the robotic arm. For example, the processor may determine a first severity metric associated with a first saturation constraint and determine a second severity metric associated with a second saturation constraint. The processor may also compare the first severity metric to the second severity metric, and may determine whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the first saturation constraint or the second saturation constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric. For example, the processor may guide motion of the robotic arm according to the saturation constraint having the greater severity metric.

The saturation of collision and/or other secondary constraints, for example, using the kinematics architecture 300 and techniques described herein, has certain advantages over other implementations. For example, certain systems may mechanically constrain a remote-center manipulator, where joint torque saturation can be used. However, mechanically constrained systems may not allow for broader robotic surgery capabilities, such as robotic endoscopy or concomitant procedures. Advantageously, aspects of this disclosure offer more flexibility and versatility compared to mechanically constrained systems since the techniques described herein allow for the adjustment of collision boundaries, avoidance response, and other parameters to produce a desired motion control behavior. Aspects of this disclosure can be applied more generally to robotic systems, and can be applied to any serial robotic manipulator, including those having at least six DoFs.

3. Implementing Systems and Terminology

Implementations disclosed herein provide systems, methods and apparatus for saturated movement of robotic systems.

It should be noted that the terms “couple,” “coupling,” “coupled” or other variations of the word couple as used herein may indicate either an indirect connection or a direct connection. For example, if a first component is “coupled” to a second component, the first component may be either indirectly connected to the second component via another component or directly connected to the second component.

The saturated robotic movement functions described herein may be stored as one or more instructions on a processor-readable or computer-readable medium. The term “computer-readable medium” refers to any available medium that can be accessed by a computer or processor. By way of example, and not limitation, such a medium may comprise random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), flash memory, compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. It should be noted that a computer-readable medium may be tangible and non-transitory. As used herein, the term “code” may refer to software, instructions, code or data that is/are executable by a computing device or processor.

The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more steps or actions for achieving the described method. The method steps and/or actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of steps or actions is required for proper operation of the method that is being described, the order and/or use of specific steps and/or actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims.

As used herein, the term “plurality” denotes two or more. For example, a plurality of components indicates two or more components. The term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions and, therefore, “determining” can include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure), ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” can include receiving (e.g., receiving information), accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” can include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.

The phrase “based on” does not mean “based only on,” unless expressly specified otherwise. In other words, the phrase “based on” describes both “based only on” and “based at least on.”

The previous description of the disclosed implementations is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these implementations will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other implementations without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, it will be appreciated that one of ordinary skill in the art will be able to employ a number corresponding alternative and equivalent structural details, such as equivalent ways of fastening, mounting, coupling, or engaging tool components, equivalent mechanisms for producing particular actuation motions, and equivalent mechanisms for delivering electrical energy. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the implementations shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A robotic system, comprising: a robotic arm configured to control movement of a medical instrument; at least one processor; and at least one computer-readable memory in communication with the at least one processor and having stored thereon computer-executable instructions to cause the at least one processor to: receive a first user input from a user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm while the robotic arm is in a first pose; determine that the robotic arm, in a second pose of the robotic arm corresponding to movement of the robotic arm according to the first user input, contacts or crosses a collision boundary surrounding an object at least at a contact point on the robotic arm, the collision boundary separating a collision-free workspace of the robotic arm from the object; and guide the movement of the robotic arm such that the contact point of the robotic arm continuously moves along the collision boundary based in part on the first user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to contact or cross the collision boundary.
 2. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: identify a vector component of the first user input having a direction that would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to cross the collision boundary; and reduce or prevent movement of the contact point according to the identified vector component such that the contact point does not cross the collision boundary.
 3. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: receive a second user input from the user for moving the medical instrument with the robotic arm; determine that moving the robotic arm according to the second user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the collision boundary; and control the movement of the robotic arm away from the collision boundary according to the second user input, in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the second user input would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the collision boundary.
 4. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the collision boundary is configured to provide (i) a first threshold distance between the contact point and the object and/or (ii) a first threshold angle between the contact point and the object.
 5. The robotic system of claim 4, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that the contact point is within a second threshold distance and/or angle from the object, the second threshold distance and/or angle being greater than the first threshold distance and/or angle, wherein the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is performed in response to determining that the contact point is within the second threshold distance and/or angle from the object.
 6. The robotic system of claim 4, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that the contact point is within the first threshold distance and/or angle from the object; identify a vector component of the user input having a direction that would cause the contact point of the robotic arm to move away from the object; and guide the movement of the robotic arm according to the identified vector component such that the contact point moves away from the object.
 7. The robotic system of claim 1, further comprising: a master controller configured to receive the input from the user, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the master controller to provide haptic feedback to the user in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary.
 8. The robotic system of claim 7, wherein the haptic feedback comprises tactile feedback including vibrations.
 9. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein: the medical instrument is configured to be inserted into a patient via a point of entry; and the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint associated with the point of entry.
 10. The robotic system of claim 9, wherein the constraint comprises a remote center of motion (RCM) at which translational movement of the medical instrument is constrained.
 11. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary further comprises satisfying a constraint.
 12. The robotic system of claim 11, wherein the constraint comprises at least one of the following: a joint maximum velocity, an instrument driver maximum velocity, a robot elbow maximum velocity, a medical instrument end effector maximum velocity, a medical instrument wrist range of motion limit, a medical instrument insertion limit, a robot workspace constraint, a singularity avoidance constraint, or a linear approximation constraint.
 13. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: determine that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would move a joint of the robotic arm at a first velocity that exceeds a joint maximum velocity; and guide the movement of the robotic arm at a second velocity that is less than the joint maximum velocity in response to the determination that moving the robotic arm to follow the first user input would move the joint of the robotic arm at the first velocity.
 14. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein: the guiding of the movement of the robotic arm along the collision boundary is in accordance with a primary saturation constraint; and the computer-executable instructions further cause the at least one processor to: control the movement of the robotic arm such in accordance with a secondary saturation constraint; determine a first severity metric associated with the primary saturation constraint; determine a second severity metric associated with the secondary saturation constraint; compare the first severity metric to the second severity metric; and determine whether to guide the movement of the robotic arm in accordance with the primary saturation constraint or the secondary saturation constraint based on the comparison of the first severity metric to the second severity metric.
 15. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the contact point belongs to a set of points on the robotic arm, and wherein the contact point is closer to the collision boundary than all other points of the set.
 16. The robotic system of claim 1, wherein the determination that moving the robotic arm according to the first user input would cause the contact point to come into contact with or cross the collision boundary is based on detecting a collision between the contact point and the collision boundary. 